Nanotechnologies are changing economies, as well as society. Fundamental to this change - which involves all industry sectors, from engineering to architecture, from agriculture to medicine, from electronics to aerospace, are nanoparticles (NPs) [1] : the building blocks of new materials.

There are various types of toothpaste available on the market. Some come as pastes, some as gels, there are some that guard against tooth decay or protect teeth from acid attack, others that are designed for sensitive teeth. But which toothpastes clean well? Which preserves the tooth enamel? 

Demonstrating that innovation in nanoscience and technology is not just the prerogative of larger wealthier countries, but a matter of courageous commitment to a new engine for economic growth, the Basque Country offers an exciting model for other regions to emulate.

Skin and mucosae pose barriers to the entry of nanoparticles into the human body.. By  Eleonore Fröhlich, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, and Eva Roblegg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz.